Jesus


11th-century portrait is one of many images of Jesus in which a halo with a cross is used.]] Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, in which context He is known as Jesus Christ (from the Greek Ιησους [''Iēsoûs''], his name in Greek, and Χριστός [''Christos'']), meaning "anointed"). He is also called Jesus of Nazareth. He was a Jew who lived from about 6–4 BC to about AD 29–33, and most secular scholars accept that Jesus existed. Christians also believe, on the basis of nearly 2,000 years of tradition, as well as the four Gospels, which form the first books of the New Testament of the Bible, that Jesus was the Messiah, the Son of God, and God Himself together with God the Father and God the Holy Spirit. According to the account in the Gospels, Jesus preached a message of repentance and forgiveness of sins through faith in Him in Galilee and Judea in Israel, and was sentenced to death and crucified in Jerusalem by order of the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate before rising from the dead on the third day. Jesus's acts and words, as presented in the Gospels, constitute Christianity's basic teachings. These teachings were initially spread by a group of twelve followers or disciples and by over five hundred believers who had testified to seeing Him after His resurrection (Acts 1:15 and 1st Corinthians 15:6).

Historicity

Main articles: Historicity of Jesus, Jesus and textual evidence The written sources for knowledge about Jesus's life are Roman and Hebrew historical accounts like Josephus, the four canonical Gospels and several non-canonical gospels. Most historians, secular or otherwise, agree that the source documents on which the four canonical Gospels are based were written within living memory of Jesus's lifetime. They therefore accept that the accounts of the life of Jesus in those Gospels provide a reasonable basis of evidence, by the standards of ancient history, for the historical existence of Jesus and the basic facts of his life and death. A minority of historians argue that no such person as Jesus ever existed. Many of those who do accept His existence, however, are deeply divided over the historicity of the Gospels' accounts. Some say that the Gospel accounts are not an honest and objective account of the events in question, since they were written or compiled by His followers. Those who also adopt a purely naturalistic view of history are particularly skeptical about events such as the resurrection of Jesus and other miracles mentioned in the Gospels, yet the testimony of Christians over two thousand years since his death, and in every country of the world, continues to be that they have a personal relationship with Jesus.

Religious perspectives

Image:Title_jesus.jpg
Topics related to
Jesus
Names and titles
New Testament view
Miracles
His Resurrection
Timeline
Chronology
Religious perspectives on Jesus
Historicity
Historical view
Cultural and historic background
Images
Dramatic portrayals
Main article: Religious perspectives on Jesus Most groups identifying themselves as Christians believe Jesus is God Incarnate (a Man who was the earthly aspect of God, as part of the Holy Trinity), Who came to earth to save humanity from sin and death through the shedding of His own blood in sacrifice (salvation), and Who returned from the dead to rejoin his Father in Heaven. However, some groups identifying themselves as Christian, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Unitarians, and Christian Scientists, believe Jesus was divinely inspired but not God incarnate. See also the topic of Nicene Creed. Muslim views of Jesus (whom they call Isa) hold that He was one of the prophets of Israel and the Messiah, but that the miracles were performed by God on Jesus' behalf, and consider any belief that He is divine to be a heresy, irreconcilable with Islam's monotheistic beliefs. The Ahmadiyya believe that Jesus was sent to reform, rather than prophecy to, the Hebrew people including the "Ten Lost Tribes", and hold that Jesus was crucified but did not die as a result. The Bahá'í Faith considers Jesus to be a manifestation of God. Judaism has deemed Jesus a false messiah, and religious Jews are still awaiting the arrival of the Messiah; many Jews see Jesus as a minor miracle worker or failed rebel leader, but a small number consider Him a great teacher. Some scholars believe that Jesus is mentioned as Yeshu, in the Jewish Talmud, although many scholars dispute this. Hinduism is divided on the issue of Jesus—some hold that He was just a man, others say He was a great guru or yogi, others still equate Jesus with an avatar. He has been claimed as an Ascended Master by Theosophy and some of its offshoots; related speculations have Him studying mysticism in the Himalaya or hermeticism in Egypt in the period between His childhood and His public career. The discipline of Christology discusses who Jesus was or was not from a philosophical and theological perspective. The Christological argument attempts to prove the existence of God based on the existence of Jesus and His alleged claims about Himself. The questions of the divinity of Jesus was discussed and voted on by Ecumenical Councils, starting with Constantine I's attempts at producing unity, enforcement of the resulting decision thus suggesting an air of politicisation to the supposedly religious issue. It is not the case that all scholars reject Jesus' divinity, yet some may choose to describe the social and cultural implications of claiming divinity in the 1st century AD. As such, scholars are interested in providing an historical context to the beliefs and tenets of Jesus' Kingdom of God movement. They believe He was simply a Jewish apocalyptic teacher and faith healer Who was crucified, and was subsequently the inspiration for Christianity.

Date of birth and death

Main article: Chronology of Jesus' birth and death The most detailed information about Jesus's birth and death is contained in the Gospels, but they were written to promote a philosophy and religion rather than to teach history. As a result, there is considerable debate about the exact date of birth and death of Jesus, even among Christian scholars. Based on the accounts in the gospels of the shepherds' activities, the time of year depicted for Jesus' birth would likely be spring or summer. However, as early as 354 AD, Roman Christians celebrated it following the December solstice in an attempt to replace the Roman pagan festival of Saturnalia. Before then, Jesus' birth was generally celebrated on January 6 as part of the feast of Theophany, also known as Epiphany, which commemorated not only Jesus' birth but also his baptism by John in the Jordan and possibly additional events in Jesus' life. In the 248th year of the Diocletian Era (based on Diocletian's accession to the Roman throne), Dionysius Exiguus attempted to pinpoint the number of years since Jesus's birth, arriving at a figure of 753 years after the founding of Rome. Dionysius then set Jesus' birth as being December 25 1 BC, making the then current year AD 532, and thereby establishing the present system of numbering years from the birth of Jesus: Anno Domini. Based on a lunar eclipse that Josephus reports shortly before the death of Herod the Great, however, the birth of Christ would have been some time before the year 4 BC, probably 5 or 6 BC. As for Jesus's death there is a controversy that may never be resolved. All the synoptic gospels depict the crucifixion before the passover, whereas St John's Gospel depicts the crucifixion after the passover festival. Further, the Jews followed a lunisolar calendar with phases of the moon as dates, complicating calculations of any exact date in a solar calendar. Allowing for the time of the procuratorship of Pontius Pilate and the dates of the Passover in those years, his death can be placed most probably in AD 30 or AD 33.

Resurrection

According to the New Testament, especially the Gospels, God raised Jesus from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. This event is referred to in Christian terminology as the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and is commemorated and celebrated by most Christians each year at Easter. Most Christians accept the New Testament story as an historical account of an actual event central to their faith, although some liberal Christians do not accept a literal bodily resurrection (e.g. John Shelby Spong). Non-Christians generally view the New Testament account of the resurrection of Jesus as myth or fictional to varying degrees. Additionally, Mormons believe that after His resurrection Jesus visited other people who believed in Him around the world, including those in America, as related by the Book of Mormon.

Life and teaching according to the New Testament

This traditional image shows Jesus' birth in Bethlehem. Main articles: New Testament view on Jesus' life and Resurrection of Jesus Jesus was born in Bethlehem to a Jewish family, while Nazareth in Galilee was His childhood home, as the son of Mary (a virgin) and God. Mary's husband was Joseph. The Gospels do not describe much of Jesus' life between the ages of 12 and 32, the last incident before the gap being that He instructed the scholars in the temple, neither is much of His childhood discussed (though some non-Biblical texts go into this detail). However, just after He was baptized by John the Baptist, to whom Jesus' relationship is not made clear, Jesus began His public teaching. Jesus used a variety of methods in His teaching, such as paradox, metaphor and parable. Jesus also performed various miracles in the course of His ministry, ranging from cures to exorcisms, with several others that show a dominion over nature. Scholars in mainstream Christian traditions as well as many secular scholars view these as claims of supernatural power. However, others consider the stories to be allegorical—"He made the blind to see, and the deaf to hear" is interpreted by many as meaning "He opened the eyes of people to the truth." Jesus debated with many religious leaders including the opposing forces of Sadducees and Pharisees, and produced an argument which a few modern scholars think indicates that Jesus may have been a liberal Pharisee, or an Essene. For many years in the first millennium, Jesus was cast as an enemy of the Pharisees, as the Pharisees had become the dominant sect of Judaism. In His role as a social reformer, and with His followers holding the inflammatory view that He was Messiah, Jesus threatened the status quo. Jesus also preached the imminent end of the current era of history, in some sense a literal end of the world as people of His time knew it; in this sense He was an apocalyptic preacher bringing a message about the imminent end of the world the Jews knew. Some interpretations of the text, particularly amongst Protestants, suggest that Jesus opposed stringent interpretations of Jewish law, supporting the spirit of the law more than the letter of the law. The Bible does not explicitly indicate that Jesus had any romantic relationships, and most scholars and Christians think that he had none. However, some contrary interpretations are based on references to "the disciple whom Jesus loved", usually thought to refer to John the Apostle though some think it might be a reference to Lazarus, and a lesser number still think it may be Mary Magdalene. [[Michelangelo's Pietà shows Mary holding the dead body of Jesus.]] Jesus came with His followers to Jerusalem during the Passover festival, created a disturbance at the Temple by overturning the tables of the moneychangers there, and was subsequently arrested on the orders of the Sanhedrin and the High Priest, Joseph Caiphas. He was identified to the guards by one of his Apostles, Judas Iscariot, who is portrayed as having betrayed Jesus, by a kiss. Jesus was crucified by the Romans on the reluctant orders of Pontius Pilate, bowing to the Jewish religious leaders' pressure. A deal with Pilate by Joseph of Arimathea resulted in the body being taken down and entombed, during the presence of Mary and other women, notably Mary Magdalene. Jesus' disciples encountered Him again on the third day after His death, raised back to life. No one was a witness to the resurrection, though those who went to anoint the body found the tomb empty. After the resurrection, the Gospels give various accounts of Jesus meeting various people in various places over a period of forty days before "ascending into heaven". According to most Christian interpretations of the Bible, the theme of Jesus' preaching was that of apocalyptic repentance. Later, Jesus extensively trained twelve Apostles to continue His teachings. Most Christians who hold that Jesus's miracles were literally true, not allegory, think that the Apostles gained the power to perform healing to both Jews and Gentiles alike after they had been empowered by the Holy Spirit which He was to send to them following His Ascension.

Names and titles

Main article: Names and titles of Jesus Jesus is derived from the Greek Ιησους (''Iēsoûs'') via Biblical Latin. The earliest use of Iēsoûs is found in the Septuagint, as a transliteration of the Hebrew name Yehoshua (יהושע — known in English as Joshua when transliterated directly from Hebrew), and also Yeshua (ישוע). Jesus' original Aramaic name is not reported by ancient sources, though modern scholars have suggested ישׁוע / Yēšûaʿ which was a fairly common name at the time. His patronymic would have been, ben Yusef, for "son of Joseph". Christ is not a name but a title, which comes from the Greek Χριστός (''Christos'') via Latin, which means anointed with chrism. The Greek form is a liberal translation of Messiah from Hebrew mashiyakh (משיח) or Aramaic m'shikha (משיחא), a word which occurs often in the Hebrew Bible and typically refers to the "high priest" or "king". The title Christ is also sometimes identified with the Latin crestus, meaning "useful", although the words are unrelated in terms of etymology, and Chrestus was often used as a pet name for slaves. The Gospels record Jesus referring to Himself both as Son of Man and as Son of God, but not as God the Son. However, some scholars have argued that Son of Man was an expression that functioned as an indirect first person pronoun, and that Son of God was an expression that signified "a righteous person". Evidence for these positions is provided by similar use by other persons than Jesus at a similar time to the writing of the Gospels, such as Jewish priests and judges. In the Gospels, Jesus has many other titles, including Prophet, Lord, and King of the Jews. Together, the majority of Christians understand these titles as attesting to Jesus' divinity. Some historians argue that when used in other Hebrew and Aramaic texts of the time, these titles have other meanings, and therefore may have other meanings when used in the Gospels as well.

Cultural and historical background

Main article: Cultural and historical background of Jesus The world in which Jesus lived was volatile, marked by cultural and political dilemmas. Culturally, Jews had to grapple with the values and philosophy of Hellenism, together with the paradox that their Torah applied only to them, but revealed universal truths. This situation led to new interpretations of the Torah, influenced by Hellenic thought and in response to Gentile interest in Judaism. All of Israel belonged to the Roman Empire at the time given for Jesus' birth, but it was indirectly ruled by King Herod the Great. After Herod's death in 4 BC, Judea and Samaria were combined into the Roman province of Palestina, ruled by the Jewish High Priest under the supervision of a Roman procurator. Galilee, where Jesus grew up, remained under the jurisdiction of Herod's son, the Tetrarch Herod Antipas. Within Judaism, there were several parties, primarily the Sadducees, closely connected with the priesthood and the Temple, and the Pharisees, who were teachers and leaders of the synagogues. They resented Roman occupation, but at Jesus' time were not particularly political. Isolated in small communities from these main groups, by choice, lived the Essenes, whose theology and philosophy are perceived as having influenced Jesus and/or John the Baptist by many scholars. The Zealots, who advocated direct action against the Romans (eventually leading to the destruction of the temple, and the subsequent decline of the Saducees and Essenes), may have been active at this time (though this is debated). Many Jews hoped that the Romans would be replaced by a Jewish king (or Messiah) of the line of David — in their view the last legitimate Jewish regime. Most Jews believed that their history was governed by God, meaning that even the conquest of Judea by the Romans was a divine act. Therefore the Romans would be replaced by a Jewish king only through divine intervention; thus, the majority of Jews accepted Roman rule. Some like John the Baptist in the first half of the century, and Yehoshua ben Ananias in the second, claimed that a messianic age was at hand. Others believed that the kingdom should be restored immediately, through violent human action.

Relics

Main article: Relics of Jesus There are many items that are purported to be authentic relics of the Gospel account, which are listed in the main article. The most famous relics of Jesus is the Shroud of Turin, which is claimed to be the burial shroud used to wrap the body of Jesus, and the Holy Grail which is said to have been used to collect Jesus' blood during his crucifixion and possibly used at The Last Supper. Many modern Christians, however, do not accept any of these as true relics. Indeed, this skepticism has been around for centuries, with Erasmus joking that so much wood formed parts of the True Cross, that Jesus must have been crucified on a whole forest.

Artistic portrayals

Main articles: Dramatic portrayals of Jesus Christ, Images of Jesus Jesus has been featured in many films and media, sometimes as a serious portrayal, and other times as satire. Many of these portrayals have attracted controversy, whether they were intended to be based on the Biblical accounts (such as Mel Gibsons The Passion of the Christ and Pier Pasolinis The Gospel According to St. Matthew) or intentionally added extra material (such as The Last Temptation of Christ). Another recurring theme is the up-dating of aspects of the life of Jesus, or imagining his Second Coming (for example, The Seventh Sign). In music, many songs refer to Jesus. In many portrayals Jesus Himself is a minor character, used to develop the overall themes. For example, in Ben-Hur and The Life of Brian Jesus only appears in a few scenes.

Sources and further reading

See also

General

Historical

Views of religious groups

Other views

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